![]() Used together, they provide remarkably reliable assessments in regions with high water content. They can clarify geological characteristics with more reliable and precise models. The most widely used geophysical approaches for assessing landslides are multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Therefore, the use of a combination of geophysical methods is highly recommended. Incorporating geophysical testing techniques can reduce indecision in reverse models and let each technique compensate for the fundamental disadvantages of the others. However, employing surface geophysical methods can reduce the number of drilled holes required in landslide sites. It is difficult to drill boreholes in the main body of landslides owing to inherent instability. Ärilling assays for geotechnical assessment on unstable slopes are unsafe and expensive. These tools are attractive as they are inexpensive, rapid, and noninvasive means to assess slopes and landslide areas. Geophysical approaches to landslide analysis that can help determine the physical properties directly and indirectly associated with mass movements. Geophysical tools, geotechnical approaches, and remote sensing and airborne techniques are used in assessing landslide hazards. Thus, it is vital to assess the sliding material thickness, locate subsurface sliding surfaces, and to differentiate the groundwater spread within landslide events to evaluate hazard prevention processes. It can also increase orifice water pressure and decrease the significant trimming resistance of a subsurface sliding surface. Extreme rainfall, for instance, can cause water to infiltrate into shear ruptures or creep–tensile ruptures, resulting in instability. Tens of thousands of shattered gradients and coseismic mudslide deposits have also become more susceptible to storms and rainfall due to seasonal changes. A reason for such events at the southeast brink of the Tibetan level is the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, which causes significant active faults and complex geological tectonics. Furthermore, 25,000 deaths were recorded due to landslides, collapses, and mudslides on Decemresulting from the Wenchuan earthquake in China. According to the Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, from 2001 to 2010, 9,941 people died or disappeared in disastrous events such as landslides and mudslides. Landslides are natural hazards that can occur anywhere worldwide. Natural disasters frequently cause severe hazards to thoroughfares and transport substructures, homes, industrial facilities, and utilities. Based on the resistivity results, the bottom of the earthflow deposits is susceptible to water, and oversaturation can reactivate the earthflow. From the tomography results, we identified different preexisting deposits, including buried arable clay deposits, old accumulated earthflow deposits, a water accumulation zone, and a fissure runoff. We combined the 2D resistivity profiles obtained to create pseudo-three-dimensional ERT images to estimate water-saturated and unsaturated masses. ![]() Based on seismic models, we considered four geological layers encountered in the stable slope, including fractured (gravel) and weathered (phyllite) materials, as a sliding mass. High-resolution two-dimensional (2D) shear-wave velocity MASW images, on the other hand, played an essential role in detecting both horizontal and vertical compositions, disjointedness, and sliding surfaces related to lithological borders. We used ERT to determine groundwater seepage paths, weathering conditions, water content, and the depth to bedrock. We used an integrated approach, combining a multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). ![]() In this study, we investigated the stability and reactivation of preexisting Tonghua landslide deposits in China, including the adjacent stable slope. ![]()
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